\section{Qualitative Research Interview}
\label{sec:interview}

We already have presented the most relevant secondary data in the form of existing articles and papers mainly to justify our research question and to show that there are indeed a necessity for more research about the topic of ICN and its deployment. We could have based the whole research on secondary data and thereby contributed to a discourse analysis of ICN. \bigskip

\noindent We want to use qualitative semi-structured interviews, from which we gather valid and reliable primary data that are relevant to our research question. Saunders et. al emphasize that qualitative interviews are good for the explanatory research and 

\begin{quote}
\textit{``[s]emi-structured and in-depth interviews provide you with the opportunity to 'probe' answers, where you want your interviewees to explain, or build on, their responses. This is important if you are adopting an interpretivist epistemology, where you will be concerned to understand the meanings that participants ascribe to various phenomena''} \citep[p. 324]{SAUNDERS}
\end{quote}

\noindent We will use Steiner Kvale's framework for designing and analysing semi-structured interviews.

\subsection{The Interview Query}
\label{subsec:interviewquery}
\cite{KVALE} has outlined seven stages of an interview query, and we will go through how we have used them to structure our work:

\begin{enumerate}

\item \textit{Thematising.} Kvale emphasizes that before the interview starts, it is necessary to formulate the purpose of it on the basis of certain themes. Through secondary data we have obtained pre-knowledge of the subject matter, which has enabled us to decide on a specific technique to obtain the intended knowledge \citep[p. 37]{KVALE}. As we are doing exploratory research, the purpose is to

\begin{quote}
\textit{``introduce[...] an issue, an area to be charted or a problem complex to be uncovered, follow[...] up on the subject's answers, and seek[...] new information about the topic.''} \citep[p. 38]{KVALE} 
\end{quote}

\noindent Where the 'issue' of course relates to our research question.

\item \textit{Designing.} This is the stage where you find out \textit{how} and \textit{whom} to interview. The exploratory nature of our research disables us to have a strictly pre-planned interview script. Instead we have a semi-structured interview-guide as our script containing some questions that are based on the \textit{theme} and the position of the interviewee. This way we can keep the interview within a certain thematic \textit{frame} and at the same time have a \textit{dynamic} conversation we can \textit{``keep the flow of conversation going, and stimulate the subjects to talk about the experiences and feelings''} \citep[p. 57]{KVALE}.

We decided to go for interviews with elites: \textit{``persons who are leaders or experts in a community''} \citep[p. 70]{KVALE}. This type of person is both able to give us factual information about the subject matter (ICN) and elaborate on conceptual phenomena such as 'barriers' and 'transition'.

Regarding the number of interviewees, Kvale writes:

\begin{quote}
\textit{``Interview as many subjects as necessary for find out what you need to know.''} \citep[p. 43]{KVALE}
\end{quote}

And as we only have a very limited amount of time we have decided to conduct three interviews. Obviously, this cannot cover all important stakeholders of the Internet architecture and might not be enough to make large generalizations, but it will indeed help us to explore, get wiser, re-bias, and give a more qualified identification and characterization of the barriers to a transition to ICN.

In sub-section \ref{subsec:interviewees} we present the three interviewees and in sub-section \ref{subsec:interviewguide} we will go a bit more into the structure of the interview-guides.

\item \textit{Interviewing.} During the interviews we have to be aware that elites often are being asked about their opinions and thoughts, so prior to the interview it is important for us to be \textit{``knowledgeable about the topic of concern and master the technical language.''} \citep[p. 70]{KVALE} 

\item \textit{Transcribing.} We have transcribed all the interviews, which can be found in appendices \ref{app:martin}, \ref{app:daveoran} and \ref{app:dirktrossen}. 

\item \textit{Analysing.} In chapter \ref{chap:analysis} we will analyse the three interviews on the basis of our theoretical framework. We will do a \textit{meaning condensation} of the three interviews, which entails \textit{``an abridgement of the meanings expressed by the interviewees into shorter formulations''} \cite[p. 106]{KVALE}. This enables us to establish a common thread throughout the analysis. Designing the interview-guide, we kept in mind that the interviews should enable a meaning condensation. We will explain outcomes of the meaning condensation in section \ref{sec:meaningcondensation}

\item \textit{Verifying.} During the analysis we will asses and discuss the validity and reliability of the interviewee statements. 

\item \textit{Reporting.} In the discussion, chapter \ref{chap:discussion}, we will communicate the findings of our study and discuss how the analysis lives up to our scientific criteria and if the research question is possible to answer. If so, we will elaborate on the answer to our research question and present it to the reader.

\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Persons Interviewed}
\label{subsec:interviewees}

\begin{description}

\item[R\"udiger Martin] \hfill \\
Scientific Project Officer at the European Commission. He is a part of the development of the WARD programme running under the FP7 programme and in the future a part of the Horizon 2020 programme. He is a part of a research funding team inside the WARD programme and thereby he partly decides which projects will get funding - and inherently he is one of the decision-makers of funding ICN research (Appendix \ref{app:martin}: 05:56).

We found R\"udiger Martin potentially valuable to our research. Our hope was that we could explain the underlying reasons and arguments for ICN funding and what EU hope to achieve with this. We assumed that there is a certain believe in EU that ICN it can be a solution to future Internet problems. We also assumed that they must have done lots of consideration regarding ICN deployment and barriers to transition.

\item[Dave Oran] \hfill \\
Research Fellow at Cisco Systems and a member of the Information-Centric Networking Group (ICNRG) inside the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). He has done a lot of ICN and content dissemination research for Cisco and because of his work and interests in ICN he became a member of ICNRG. In ICNRG they collect and constantly watch asses the ICN community and monitor different project. This is done to measure how ICN can relate to existing Internet standards and the way the current Internet works. Standardization is an important part of any deployment and adoption, and so we found Dave Oran to be very interesting to talk to.


\item[Dirk Trossen] \hfill \\
Former Senior Researcher at University of Cambridge who has been working on the PSIRP and PURSUIT projects as Technical Manager. These projects were funded by EU as parts of FP7. He is involved in the EIFFEL think tank, an international initiative for future Internet. He has also worked as a chief researcher in BT research in the area of future Internet related research, focused on Internet architecture, thus having experience with how private interests can influence the Internet development. 

\end{description}

\noindent With these interviews we have a good representation of people involved with different perspectives of ICN. There is a good possibility that the analysis will show that there are other stakeholders, which could have contributed positively to our research, and we will have this discussion as a part of chapter \ref{chap:discussion}. Also we tried to get contact with other people who are involved in ICN related projects. The list of people we tried to contact is presented in the Appendix \ref{app:contactedpeople}.

\subsection{Interview Guide}
\label{subsec:interviewguide}

Here we will give a short insight to the structure of the interviews and the main ideas behind them. We will not go into a broad description of all specific questions. \bigskip

\noindent Prior to the interviews we sent out a few lines about our project to the interviewees. Thereby we hoped to be able to start interviewing directly without explaining the purpose in-depth.

We began all the interviews with the introductory question:

\begin{quote}

\textit{``Can you please introduce yourself?''}

\end{quote}

\noindent Our hope was to make them feel comfortable with the interview and give them a chance to tell us about their work with ICN. The interview guides included a list of approximately ten specific questions regarding their specific work and thoughts of ICN, which were made with our research question in mind. So \textit{barriers} and \textit{transition} were the main themes when constructing the guides and conducting the interview. From that we came up with questions like

\begin{quote}

\textit{``what are your main motivations in funding information centric networking? What is that you hope to achieve in this?''}

\end{quote}

\noindent This question was an indirect way of investigating EU's interest in a transition to ICN. That was also a way to assess to which extend they have considered to barriers to a transition.

This question triggered an interesting and relevant statement from Dirk Trossen:

\begin{quote}
\textit{``did you in any way collaborate with other ICN research projects? Did you share information? Get information?''}
\end{quote}

\noindent And the semi-structured nature of our interview allowed us to deviate from the interview guide and make the interview more relevant for the research by asking him:

\begin{quote}
\textit{``You seem very optimistic about ICN compared to other people so if you think of the future of the Internet you also inherently think about ICN?''}
\end{quote}

\noindent This was the main principles we followed when we designed and conducted all three interviews.

% Put this into the conclusion maybe! \subsection{Hermeneutics}